compares in a straightforward manner the sanctuaries and priesthoods of the old and new convenants (8:1–13; 9:1). 1. The Epistle indicates clearly that there is a heavenly reality designated as “the real sanctuary, the tent pitched by the Lord and not by man” (8:1, 2, NEB). It asserts a vertical link between the heavenly sanctuary and its counterpart on earth. The earthly sanctuary is viewed as a “copy” and a “shadow” (shadow-type) of the heavenly (vss. 1–5; 9:11, 23, 24). Naturally, the Bible writers